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    • 专利摘要:
    There is disclosed a method for optimizing the trajectory of an aircraft, comprising the steps of determining one or more reference criteria CiRef from a non-optimized initial trajectory; determining one or more initial K'j constraints from the initial trajectory; determining a criterion Ci according to an analytic function of said criteria CiRef; and, by iteration cycle, determining an optimized trajectory; determining intermediate K'j constraints from the optimized trajectory; to minimize the criterion Ci determined under the initial constraints K'j and the intermediate constraints K'j; determine q take-off parameters Pi. Developments describe an incremental iteration of the process, an interruption by the pilot, the use of criteria including fuel consumption, acoustic noise level, the emission of chemical compounds, the level of engine wear, the use of a gradient descent and various optimizations. System and software aspects are described.
    公开号:FR3040801A1
    申请号:FR1501864
    申请日:2015-09-09
    公开日:2017-03-10
    发明作者:Guillaume Meulle；Leon Enrique Laso
    申请人:Thales SA；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to the field of avionics in general. The invention particularly relates to methods and systems for optimizing the trajectory of an aircraft according to various criteria, including cost.
    State of the art
    When it comes to operating commercial flights, there are strict constraints on noise measured on the ground near the airstrips. The optimization of the trajectory of an aircraft results from a compromise between different factors, which can be antagonistic. For example, the minimization of noise measured on the ground near take-off and landing zones is an objective or a constraint that conflicts with the fact that airlines generally seek to minimize the cost of operating the aircraft. for example by reducing fuel consumption or optimizing the costs of engine maintenance.
    In general, a fuel-saving trajectory will result in higher noise, and conversely a fuel-consuming trajectory will be associated with lower noise for the neighborhood. The search for the identification of an optimal solution is a complex task.
    Specifically, different approaches are known to each solve a specific technical problem. For example, in the end of decreasing the amount of fuel consumed, there is usually a maximum thrust and rapid retraction of the high lift devices. In order to reduce the noise emitted by the aircraft are stolen procedures called "lower noise" (i.e. as published). In order to reduce the wear of the engines, a reduced take-off thrust is applied, which substantially preserves the engines from thermomechanical wear. These solutions, if they are effective in their field of application, have the disadvantage of degrading the other components when considered in combination.
    The published literature reports some attempts to reconcile these different criteria, but these solutions usually require the completion of ground-based calculations. In some other cases, interpolations are necessary during the flight (for example by means of tables), which ultimately unacceptably increases the workload of the crew and does not necessarily lead to an optimal solution.
    According to a fuel-consumption approach, the aircraft takes off at maximum power and accelerates as soon as possible (within the safety limits authorized by the regulations). Since the maximum power is applied during a long period of time, the wear of the engine is substantially increased and the noise perceived near the airport is of course reinforced.
    According to a noise-minimization approach, the aircraft takes off at full power with the flaps extended to have a steep climb slope and then reduces the thrust when the aircraft passes near the point where the noise will be maximum. As the gases are reduced earlier, the engines operate at a suboptimal point and the flaps released induce a degradation of the fineness and thus a higher fuel consumption for a given energy gain. According to one variant, the aircraft follows procedures defined by ICAO with the objective of preserving the residents of the airports. These procedures require the aircraft to follow special trajectories, called NADP (Noise Abatement Departure Procedure), which bypass inhabited areas or impose a specific vertical profile. This results in a longer trajectory and therefore higher fuel consumption.
    In an approach geared towards reducing engine wear, a reduced take-off thrust is sometimes applied. This thrust corresponds in general to that which would be applied in the most limiting temperature conditions for a take-off (at the mass of the day). This type of procedure is called "Assumed Temperature" or "Flex Temperature". This temperature will be called the fictitious temperature in the rest of the document. Since the optimization only applies to the take-off portion before the thrust reduction (THR RED ALTITUDE), this approach leads to (i) using the entire length of exploitable runway and climbing with a weaker slope, which leads ( ii) to use the engine suboptimally from a thermodynamic point of view. As a result, the aircraft will move to a lower altitude above the point where the noise is most troublesome, thus ultimately making more noise from the point of view of the ground, and furthermore the fuel consumption will be higher for the same energy gain.
    The patent literature includes some multi-criteria optimization solutions, that is to say aimed at achieving a compromise between the aforementioned criteria. For example, US20110060485 discloses an optimization method and a device for an aircraft take-off procedure, comprising means for determining the optimum values for the take-off parameters and adapting them to the actual take-off conditions. This solution is expensive in computing time and therefore can not be achieved in a cockpit. To allow its operational use, it requires a tabulation of optimal solutions, which tabulation is performed prior to the ground, and a subsequent step of reconstitution by interpolation (to match the conditions of the day). This method - in addition to its high logistical and computational costs - led, after the interpolation, to a suboptimal solution. US8527119 discloses a method of adjusting the parameters of a pre-flight initialized take-off procedure from initial aircraft conditions, when said conditions evolve just prior to take-off. This adjustment method does not allow the calculation of the optimal solution and always induces additional work on the part of the pilot (during an already intense take-off phase in terms of cognitive load). These known approaches therefore have limitations.
    There is a need for methods and systems for optimizing the trajectory of an aircraft. Summary of the invention
    An exemplary embodiment of the disclosed method includes the use of a so-called "parametric" optimizer, based on a modeling of operational costs. Its operational costs are associated with a numerical simulation of the trajectory which exploits a model of performances (aerodynamics and propulsion) of the plane. The steps of the method may include iterations to optimize the calculated solutions.
    Advantageously, the invention makes it possible to achieve a compromise between various parameters, which parameters include, for example, the operational cost associated with the trajectory (eg the quantity of fuel consumed), the environmental cost (eg the pollutant emissions and / or the noise perceived at the ground) and the cost associated with engine maintenance.
    Advantageously, the invention optimizes fuel consumption while simultaneously ensuring that the noise emitted by the aircraft will not be greater than it would be if the trajectory was not optimized.
    Advantageously, the initial technical problem of multicriterion optimization is solved in a manner compatible with the requirement of an on-board use, that is to say carried out within the cockpit. Current calculation means may be used (in particular a portable computer of standard computing power). The speed of calculation of the process steps makes it possible to provide an optimal solution under real mission conditions, i.e. without the need to resort to pre-calculated solutions. Since the process steps can be calculated quickly, it is possible to identify an optimal trajectory solution that takes into account the latest available information about the mission. In other words, the method according to the invention advantageously makes it possible to obtain an exact and optimal solution, in a time compatible with the constraints imposed on the crews (that is to say, and for example without the need for the driver to have to conduct interpolation tasks in a pre-set results table). The determination of an optimal solution may also satisfy constraints or objectives given by or for the air carrier (e.g. reduction of operational costs of the flight and concomitant satisfaction of the imposed constraints).
    Advantageously, combined with the iterative optimization of the solutions, the parametric optimization makes it possible to obtain a computation time compatible with the operations performed by a crew in the time interval devoted to the preparation of the flight on limited computing resources. In particular, the use of a parametric optimization method 310 (e.g. gradient type) makes it possible to obtain a calculation time significantly shorter than that disclosed in the state of the art (for example according to US20110060485).
    Description of figures
    Various aspects and advantages of the invention will appear in support of the description of a preferred embodiment of the invention, but not limiting, with reference to the figures below:
    Figure 1 shows a block diagram of the invention;
    FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate examples of calculations carried out in parallel or in series, for example according to an implementation with several processors or processor cores;
    Figure 3 illustrates examples of sub-steps for optimization;
    Figure 4 illustrates the fuel consumption as a function of altitude and stolen distance;
    Figure 5 illustrates the evolution of the fictitious temperature;
    Figure 6 illustrates an example of taking into account the fictitious temperature to optimize the trajectory.
    Detailed description of the invention
    There is disclosed a method for optimizing the trajectory of an aircraft, comprising the steps of determining one or more reference criteria CiRef from a non-optimized initial trajectory; determining one or more initial K'j constraints from the initial trajectory; determining a criterion Ci according to an analytic function of said criteria CiRef; and, by iteration cycle, determining an optimized trajectory; determining intermediate K'j constraints from the optimized trajectory; to minimize the criterion Ci determined under the initial constraints K'j and the intermediate constraints K'j; determine q take-off parameters Pi. Developments describe an incremental iteration of the process, an interruption by the pilot, the use of criteria including fuel consumption, acoustic noise level, the emission of chemical compounds, the level of engine wear, the use of a gradient descent and various optimizations. System and software aspects are described.
    There is disclosed a method for optimizing the trajectory of an aircraft, comprising the steps of receiving (coordinates or information relating to) a non-optimized initial trajectory according to a published flight procedure; determining (or calculating) one or more reference criteria CiRef from said non-optimized initial trajectory; said criteria CiRef being determined for the take-off and / or climb portion of said initial non-optimized trajectory; determining one or more initial K'j constraints from the non-optimized initial trajectory; determining a criterion Ci according to an analytic function of said criteria CiRef; and, by iteration cycle, i) determining an optimized trajectory; ii) determining intermediate K'j constraints from said optimized trajectory; iii) minimizing said criterion Ci determined under the initial constraints K'j and the intermediate constraints K'j; iv) determine q take-off parameters Pi.
    The non-optimized initial trajectory is received from a flight procedure published by the air traffic control. This non-optimized trajectory is calculated by numerical integration of a system of differential equations from the flight data.
    The method can advantageously optimize different flight phases. The method according to the invention can in particular optimize takeoff and / or climb (phase ("climb" before the flight phase called "cruise").
    The method according to the invention makes it possible to determine at the output different take-off parameters (such as speed, target altitude, engine control) which make it possible to obtain an optimized trajectory, with regard to optimization criteria and constraints or limit values.
    More specifically, the process according to the invention proceeds by iteration. By progressively incrementing the number of parameters to be optimized (from 1 up to q parameters), the method optimizes an analytic function which expresses a mathematical relation that makes it possible to obtain one or more "criteria" Ci from the take-off parameters and the data flight plan.
    A "criterion" Ci may be a parameter associated with the trajectory, such as fuel consumption. More generally, a criterion Ci can result from Γ "aggregation" of a plurality of reference criteria.
    The CiRef criteria are the "original" criteria, ie homogeneous in nature (acoustic noise, pollutant emission, fuel consumption, etc.), ie those associated with the initial non-optimized trajectory, that is to say as defined by the published procedure which is in practice given by the air traffic control. The plurality N of criteria CiRef is associated with a plurality of constraints Kj.
    A "constraint" Kj or K'j is a ceiling or limit digital value or terminal that frames the various optimization steps (for example a constraint will be an acoustic noise value not to be exceeded). Examples of constraints include, for example, fuel consumption limit values, acoustic emission limits or pollutant emission limits.
    Some constraints are initial data (K'j) - directly given or derivable from the flight data - while other constraints are "intermediate" calculated data denoted Kj, i.e. derived from the non-optimized trajectory. In a way, these constraints Kj become "artificial" (from the point of view of their human intelligibility, but are justified because of the interdependent associated with the function being optimized). The steps of the optimization process manipulate these constraints in the same way but in an underlying and concrete way some values are values received at the initialization of the optimization calculation while the others result from intermediate calculation steps.
    In other words, the constraints K'j are generally expressed "as is", they can be obtained directly with the data of the problem. The other constraints Kj can only be formalized after the step of calculating the reference trajectory. For example, a constraint of the form "altitude must be greater than 10000ft at such a waypoint" is an input of the problem, which can be provided directly in the optimizer as a constraint K'j. In contrast, a constraint of the form "the optimized flight must not make more noise than the reference flight" is of type Kj because to digitally formalize it and to provide it at the optimization stage, the computation step the non-optimized trajectory must have been performed beforehand.
    The constraints Kj can be determined from the CiRef criteria. For example, a constraint Kj may be the noise measured by a microphone when integrating the non-optimized trajectory. Obtaining (intermediate) constraints Kj from the non-optimized trajectory does not exist in the state of the art.
    By means of the definition of one or more composite criteria Ci by means of the original criteria CiRef, knowing the original constraints K'j and then the intermediate stresses Kj, it is possible to determine one or more take-off parameters Pi (between 1 and q). This determination is made by minimizing a mathematical function that transforms the takeoff parameters Pi into the criteria Ci. In particular, the determination of the value of a criterion Ci can be carried out in different ways. Criterion Ci can be determined iteratively by numerical integration. This numerical integration can for example be done by solving differential equations from said mission data and parameters Pi. The iterative algorithm minimizes the value of Ci obtained by aggregating CiRef, ensuring compliance with constraints Kj and K j. At each iteration, Ci is estimated by numerical integration of a system of differential equations from said mission data and said parameters Pi resulting from the previous iteration.
    In a development, the integer q of parameters Pi is iteratively incremented by one from the value 1.
    The process optimizes incrementally from 1 to q takeoff parameters Pi.
    In one embodiment, at least one optimized parameter "P1opt" can be used as input of a flight management computer. As the calculation of the process steps progresses, an increasing number of optimized parameters Pi are determined.
    In one embodiment, the method comprises steps of refining the solutions characterized in that, if a number n of parameters Pi are to be optimized, then the iterative algorithm is run several times, increasing each time the number q of parameters to optimize and "forcing" the others to selected values to allow the smooth completion of numerical integration calculations. The results obtained at each launch of the iterative algorithm are stored. The final result provided by the method is that among all those having been stored, which gives the lowest cost while respecting the constraints.
    The different iterations make it possible to progressively refine the results of the optimization. With N criteria Pi to optimize in total, the number q of parameters is gradually increased (from 1 to N parameters). During the iterations, the values of the non-optimized parameters are fixed at values allowing the good progress of the numerical integration calculations.
    In FIG. 2A, the computation is carried out in parallel 210 (firstly on a single parameter, then two parameters simultaneously, then three, etc.), each time the minimization of the function determines a solution that is a minimum cost; or local minima are then compared to each other to identify a global minimum). In FIG. 2B, the calculation is carried out sequentially 220 (the different parameters are determined individually, ie the different Pi chosen from q are optimized independently of each other, at the output different solutions are obtained, among which an optimum solution is determined ).
    In a development, said incremental iteration is interrupted at the request of the pilot.
    In an optional embodiment, the incremental iteration is interrupted at the request of the pilot (or a third party flight management system or by any other system interacting with the method according to the invention), which may, for example, wish to obtain an intermediate result faster than what is needed to achieve a finalized optimization. If necessary, in the event of interruption of the optimization iterations, the completed intermediate results are accessible (and a local minimum can be identified and returned), only the incomplete intermediate result being non-usable. Advantageously, this embodiment allows the pilot to quickly access a result which, although not finalized, may be in a state of convergence sufficient for his operational navigation needs. It is good practice or even remarkable in a system of interface or interaction man-machine to allow anticipated exits to avoid the infinite loops, but even more, to allow by construction to "give back" to the human if the latter considers it necessary. Contextual elements may escape some or all of the automated system. An interruption of the process therefore contributes to improving the safety and efficiency of the flight. In the absence of interruption, i.e. if the pilot waits for the end of the calculations as determined by the method, the final result delivered by the method is the one with the lowest cost (and which by construction respects the flight constraints).
    In a development, criterion Ci is an analytic function of criteria CiRef.
    The method iteratively minimizes the value of a criterion Ci, which criterion may be a "non-homogeneous" or "synthetic" criterion, for example "aggregating" or "encapsulating" or "weighting" one or more CiRef criteria (homogeneous ) of origin. The iterative optimization of this criterion Ci is then carried out and always ensuring compliance with the constraints Kj "intermediate" and constraints K'j.
    The "linking" of different CiRef can be done in different ways.
    In a first embodiment, an analytic function can govern this linking. An example of aggregation then consists in defining a scalar function J of several criteria CiRef for example of the form:
    This function can be linear or non-linear.
    In a development, the at least one criterion Ci is a weighted linear combination of criteria CiRef.
    In another embodiment, this analytic function J can be reduced to a linear combination of criteria CiRef. For example, the function J can correspond to a linear combination with constant real coefficients of these different values of the form:
    This embodiment is advantageously fast to calculate. The different coefficients can correspond to airline policies (a configuration file can capture these priorities, which can nevertheless be modifiable, ie dynamic).
    In a development, a criterion Ci is a criterion selected from the criteria comprising fuel consumption, the acoustic noise level measured substantially at ground level, the quantitative and / or qualitative emission of one or more chemical compounds, the level of engine wear.
    In one embodiment, a criterion Ci is associated with the fuel consumption at a point defined as being representative of the first cruise level. This point can for example be defined as a point at the cruising altitude at a sufficiently large distance from the take-off point so that the cruising altitude can be reached even with the slowest rise reasonably possible (noted FU unit of mass).
    In one embodiment, a criterion Ci is associated with the acoustic noise level measured substantially at ground level. Indeed, one or more microphones placed in the immediate vicinity of the departure airport can evaluate this noise. This noise level may for example correspond to either a maximum pressure level for a frequency filter of type A (LaMax measurement), or one of the usual exposure measurements (SEL or EPNL) (denoted by A / s, i varying for each point and type of measurement, unit dB or dBA). The perceived noise can be measured or calculated (simulated). The term covers developments of psychoacoustic perception.
    In one embodiment, a criterion Ci is associated with the quantitative and / or qualitative emission of one or more chemical compounds. For example, a chemical compound may include nitrogen oxide. The level of nitrous oxide released along the trajectory can be evaluated by a method such as the Boeing Fuel Flow Method II in an altitude range where these emissions will have an impact on the local air quality of the aircraft. agglomeration where the aerodrome is located (denoted NOx mass unit). A chemical compound may also include carbon dioxide. The level of carbon dioxide released by the trajectory can be evaluated in different ways. In a conventional combustion process, this rate is proportional to fuel consumption, with a proportionality factor depending on the type of fuel used (denoted C02 unit mass).
    In one embodiment, a criterion Ci is associated with the level of wear of the motor. This engine wear can be associated with the level of takeoff power applied and the duration of use of this power level (noted EW).
    In a development, a criterion Ci is associated with a combination of at least two criteria selected from the criteria comprising the fuel consumption, the acoustic noise level measured substantially on the ground, the acoustic noise level measured substantially at ground level, the quantitative and / or qualitative emission of one or more chemical compounds, the level of wear of the engine.
    In one embodiment, a criterion Ci may be a "synthetic" or "composite" criterion. In other words, the weighting of the objectives pursued by the flight can be defined upstream (for example, the pilot or the airline performing the flight of the aircraft can define a specific "mix" reflecting the importance and / or the priority between different sub-criteria (eg fuel 60% - noise 20% - motor wear 20%) The different sub-criteria can be at least partially interdependent on the substance, but the isolation in categories nevertheless advantageously allows a readability and effective control of the flight of the aircraft.
    In one development, the step of minimizing the criterion Ci comprises a gradient descent.
    A variety of optimization algorithms (here minimization) can be used (e.g. cost function, gradient descent or other).
    In one development, the method further comprises a step of determining an optimal number of parameters Pi.
    Since the optimization of the parameters Pi can take place at the end (for example without interruption by the driver), it is possible to determine a compromise between the calculation time allocated to the optimization itself, the number determined take-off parameters and their significance. For example, 3 seconds may be needed to determine P1, P2 and P3 with associated confidence intervals, while 120 seconds would be needed to establish P1, P2, P3 and P4 with a better confidence interval). According to efficiency criteria relating to optimization per se, it is possible to control the process according to the invention.
    In a development, a parameter Pi is selected from the parameters comprising one or more characteristic altitude of the trajectory profile, one or more characteristic speeds of the trajectory profile, one or more control parameters of the motors characteristic of the trajectory profile.
    In one development, the method further comprises a step of communicating said determined parameters Pi.
    For example, the determined Pi parameters can be communicated to a flight management system or FMS.
    A computer program product is disclosed, said computer program comprising code instructions for performing one or more of the method steps, when said program is run on a computer.
    In a development, the system comprises means for carrying out one or more of the steps of the method.
    In one development, the system includes non-avionics EFB electronic flight bag type means.
    In general, the computing capabilities of the FMS system itself are generally not fast enough, the process may in some cases be advantageously implemented on peripheral systems at the heart of FMS (which is the certified avionics part). Implementing the process in, on, or via an EFB tablet will be particularly beneficial (an EFB can access virtually unlimited computing capabilities via the cloud). Thus, in one embodiment, computing means (e.g. a server or a computer such as a tablet or an EFB) separated from the FMS perform the complete optimization. In another embodiment, the FMS performs a simplified pre-optimization (eg q = 1 or 2), and separately or (logically, typologically) remote computing means remote from the FMS perform the remaining optimization (and then communicate the results to the driver or FMS via HMI for example). In one embodiment, the optimization is done in whole or in part by a server located in the aircraft (for example in a partition in an electronic module in the hold). In one embodiment, the optimization is done in whole or in part by a server located on the ground (for example that of an airline or a service provider). In one embodiment, the optimization is made in whole or in part in a cloud computing ("cloud computing", the tablet / EFB / FMS is then a terminal in the sense of HMI).
    Some embodiments may use cloud computing, i.e. cloud computing. During the takeoff and / or climb phase of the terrestrial calculation resources may remain accessible (e.g. airport or airline calculation infrastructure), with reasonable latency times or suitable for the constraints of the method according to the invention. Allowing for intensive computing (eg peak or peak capacity involving many computations for a short time), the accessed computing resources ("Cloud") may be public resources (the calculations and / or data will then be encrypted) and / or private resources. Latency times (eg data communication time between different computing tasks) can be managed by means of data caches, load-balancing mechanisms (priorities of computational tasks between processors involved) .
    Embodiments of the invention are described in detail below. The optimization according to the method aims to simultaneously optimize several "objectives" or "criteria", which may be contradictory (in part or in whole). Optimization can be called "multi-objectives" or "multi-criteria". Examples of objectives or criteria include, but are not limited to, the amount of fuel consumed, the emission of pollutants, perceived noise on the ground, and engine wear. Objectives or criteria are target values. Each flight path (calculated or simulated or stolen) is associated with "components", which are data that define a flight path. The components are therefore actual or intermediate values. Some values can become "constraints", ie limit values to be respected (e.g. not to be exceeded as a noise level, or a minimum reduced thrust).
    Figure 1 shows a block diagram of the invention. The diagram illustrates in particular the input and output data for the determination of the trajectory.
    The precise operation of the invention comprises the following steps: From the data of the flight or the mission 110 (for example the conditions of the day in mass and centering, fuel cost, temperature and wind data, etc.), the method calculated by a method, including numerical integration, the trajectory that would be stolen by the aircraft without any optimization. It deduces the various components or parameters or characteristics associated with the operational cost of this trajectory: for example, the fuel consumed, the noise measured on the ground, the wear of the engines. From these components, the method determines constraints to be respected (for example the noise emitted by the non-optimized trajectory, which will be a limit not to be exceeded) during the flight.
    The method continues with an optimization step 140, taking as input the mission data, the constraints calculated in the previous step and initial flight control parameters. This step provides the values of the control parameters to be applied by ensuring that the cost of a trajectory stolen with these command parameters will be lower than that of the non-optimized trajectory, and that the constraints will be respected. The optimization step combines (i) steps of optimizing (ii) steps of numerically integrating one or more differential equations and steps (iii) of iterating these calculations so as to refine these solutions and converge towards an optimal solution.
    More precisely, the steps aimed at refining the solutions obtained (the general optimization process) consist in separating the problem to be solved into several simpler problems: if n parameters are to be optimized, the process starts n computations by increasing each time the number of parameters, and setting the other parameters to values allowing the smooth completion of numerical integration calculations. This repetition of steps carried out gradually by adding the number of parameters to be optimized is called "aggregation". Each time a calculation is completed, the result of the calculation is saved. Optionally, the result is displayed on request of the operator. When all the calculations are completed, the best result is displayed (in one embodiment, the best result is the one that gives the best gain, other criteria can be used).
    The underlying benefits are described below. A calculation optimizing more parameters allows to expect a slightly higher gain (but no guarantee of success), but at the cost of a higher calculation time. By launching calculations of increasing complexity, it is almost certain to obtain an optimal solution in a very short time. For example, in ten seconds, a solution is obtained that covers at least 80% of the gains, which is already satisfactory if the pilot does not have a lot of time; in thirty seconds of calculation is obtained a solution covering at least 90% of earnings, if any, etc. In the event that the pilot has enough time to let all the calculations take place, it is possible to obtain the most optimal solution (which is not necessarily the last calculated). In the case where the pilot's time is counted, the latter gets a solution that may be suboptimal, but which is still better than the total lack of optimization.
    In one embodiment, the different calculations corresponding to the steps of the method are executed in parallel on different processors or processor cores of a computer, which makes it possible to speed up the calculations. Examples of parallel calculations are shown below.
    FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate examples of calculations carried out in parallel or in series, for example according to an implementation with several processors or processor cores.
    Figure 2A shows that the calculations can be performed in parallel. Figure 2B shows that the calculations are performed serially, i.e. sequentially. Optimization (the unit optimization process) is based on a coupling between (a) the optimization algorithm, (b) the digital trajectory integration and (c) the cost estimation.
    The path integration method (b) takes the mission data and the command parameters as input, and provides a trajectory exploited by the cost estimation steps (c). The optimization algorithm (a) iteratively looks for the control parameters to be provided to the path integration (b) so that the cost (c) is minimal while respecting the constraints provided.
    Figure 3 illustrates examples of sub-steps for optimization. From the mission data 301, a set of optimized or optimal parameters 302 is returned. The optimization algorithm is designated by the term "parametric optimizer" 310. This parametric optimizer 310 interacts with a trajectory determination module 320 and a cost determination module 330. Examples of sub-steps performed by the components 310, 320 and 330 are detailed below.
    The mission data 301 corresponds to the information provided in input and necessary and sufficient to determine the optimal trajectory sought. External conditions can indeed apply to the trajectory. These may for example include weather conditions or the existence of special operational restrictions. A set of initial conditions totally or partially defines the dynamic state vector of the aircraft at the beginning of the flight path (example: take-off weight). A set of terminal conditions totally or partially defines the dynamic state vector of the aircraft at the end of the trajectory (example: distance traveled).
    In a first step, a simulated trajectory calculation 320 is carried out, that is to say to simulate the dynamics of the aircraft on the departure trajectory with a performance model defined as a system of equations. first order differentials. This simulation follows a route defined by a set of navigation procedures and is constrained by the regulatory limitations of these procedures. The limiting speeds are an example. The performance of the aircraft is characterized by the description of aerodynamic and propulsive phenomena.
    In a second step, the parametric representation of the command applied to the simulation is established. This parametric representation corresponds to the instructions that will be communicated to the crew and to the autopilot device during the execution of the trajectory. The set of constraints associated with the stolen departure procedure (this type of procedure and their computer coding being defined for example in the ARINC 424 standard) notably comprises waypoints and heading points, upper and lower altitude limits. , speed limits and overflight zones, public noise reduction procedures, etc.
    In a third step, the problem of numerical simulation and optimal control is transcribed into a parametric optimization problem under constraints. For example, such a method can be a method called "direct fire" associated with a numerical integration scheme Runge-Kutta order 4.
    In a fourth step, a cost model of the trajectory 330 is determined in which the history of the state vector of the airplane along the trajectory is converted into a scalar value representing a sizing cost for the operator of the aircraft. 'plane. This cost is the value that the described process seeks to minimize.
    In a fifth step, parametric optimization 310 is performed based on the evaluation of the gradient of the cost function with respect to the parameters, as well as the evaluation of the Jacobian matrix of the constraint vector with respect to the parameters of the parameter. optimization. This not only makes it possible to deal with constraints of the equality type (example: reaching a passage point at a fixed altitude) but also constraints of the inequality type (example: flight domain limits). An illustration of this type of methods is a quasi-Newton method with management of a set of active constraints.
    At the output, the optimizations being realized, a set of optimal parameters 302 is obtained.
    Figure 4 illustrates fuel consumption as a function of altitude and stolen distance.
    In one embodiment, a constraint Ci may be associated with the fuel consumption measured at a point defined as representative of the first cruise level. This point can for example be defined as a point situated at the cruising altitude and a sufficiently large distance from the take-off point, for example so that the cruising altitude can be reached even with the slowest climb reasonably feasible (denoted FU mass unit).
    Figure 5 illustrates the evolution of the fictitious temperature. A reduced thrust is expressed by this fictitious temperature and results from the optimization of the take-off performance calculation in order to reduce the wear of the propulsion system. This value is calculated to be as high as possible while respecting the security constraints. Nevertheless the fictitious temperature does not only have consequences on the wear of the engines.
    Figure 6 illustrates an example of taking into account the fictitious temperature to optimize the trajectory.
    In a scheme where the fictitious temperature is solely the result of the take-off performance calculation, initial suboptimal conditions are taken into account for the computation of the optimized trajectory.
    By making the reduced thrust (ie the fictitious temperature) an additional optimization parameter over the entire starting trajectory, this trajectory can be adjusted in such a way as to reduce the engine wear as well as possible while avoiding excessive fuel consumption (the consumption increasing when the thrust decreases).
    The cost of engine wear can be modeled. In particular, it can be defined as a function of the history of different variables, including the take-off engine speed, the outside temperature during take-off, the ambient pressure and the Mach number.
    In one embodiment, the level of engine wear is determined based on the history of selected variables in the group including take-off engine speed, outboard take-off, ambient pressure and Mach number. .
    In a development, the modeling of the cost of engine wear is defined as a function of the history of the following variables: (i) the take-off engine speed expressed either as a value of the speed of rotation of the fan (Ni) as the control variable of the motor power control; (ii) the external temperature during the takeoff phase (taken for example as the temperature at ground level) (θβχί), (iii) the ambient pressure (P) and (iv) the Mach number (M).
    In an alternative embodiment, engine wear can therefore be defined by analyzing the impact of the history of use of a fleet of engines on the associated maintenance costs for the operator.
    The engine speed at takeoff can for example be expressed as a value of the speed of rotation of the fan (Λ / *), or as the control variable of the engine power control. The outside temperature can be that measured during the takeoff phase (taken for example as the temperature at ground level) (Θθχί). The pressure can be the ambient pressure (P). The Mach number is noted (M).
    The cost function associated with engine wear then takes the form:
    This engine wear can be defined by analyzing the impact of the history of use of a fleet of engines on the associated maintenance costs for the operator.
    In one embodiment, the level of engine wear is therefore estimated as a function of maintenance costs.
    In an alternative embodiment, the engine wear is formulated, by calling Tf the date of passage to the previously defined point for the consumption measurement, according to:
    In one embodiment, the level of engine wear therefore comprises a wear contribution and a damage contribution. The writing in the form of an integral therefore shows a wear contribution EWC (example creep in the hot parts subjected to stress) and damage EWd (local exceedance of a limit). This term of damage can be represented for example by a Dirac distribution.
    The choice of such parameters is adapted to a turbojet engine or a turbofan engine. In the case of a turboprop or an internal combustion engine (Wankel, pistons ...), the driving parameter can be replaced by a more appropriate combination of parameters, such as, for example, the engine torque and the speed, the inlet pressure and the pitch of the propeller, the inlet temperature turbine or nozzle ...
    Alternatively, the form of these functions can be developed from economic models of engine maintenance, for example depending on their use (according to the maintenance contract with the supplier of the engine where maintenance costs will be set according to the level of applied thrust integrated over time, etc.).
    In one embodiment, the mission data includes the consumed track length and the second segment speed. Indeed, in a complementary and optional manner, the calculation of takeoff performance can be introduced into the optimization process. The values mainly concerned are the runway length consumed and the second segment speed, both of which depend on the take-off thrust value when applying a reduced thrust.
    In one embodiment, the mission data includes a thrust value. In one embodiment, the thrust value is the maximum allowable value of reduced thrust. The reduced thrust (expressed by a fyric temperature fy) is the result of the optimization of the take-off performance calculation in order to reduce the wear of the propulsion system and is calculated so as to be as high as possible while respecting the constraints. of security. Nevertheless the fictitious temperature does not only have consequences on the wear of the engines. In a diagram where the fictitious temperature is only the result of the calculation of take-off performance, we therefore have the imposition of initial conditions that are suboptimal for the calculation of the departure trajectory. By making this reduced thrust an additional optimization parameter over the entire starting trajectory, this trajectory can be adjusted in such a way as to reduce engine wear as much as possible while avoiding excessive fuel consumption (the consumption increasing when the thrust decreases). ). The impact of the take-off distance is also decisive in the level of noise perceived around the aerodrome.
    The present invention can be implemented from hardware and / or software elements. It may be available as a computer program product on a computer readable medium.
    In an alternative embodiment, one or more steps of the method according to the invention is implemented in the form of a computer program hosted on a portable computer type "EFB" (Electronic Flight Bag).
    In an alternative embodiment, the computer program implementing the invention can be implemented in the form of two interacting computer programs: a first program (client) hosted on a portable computer (for example an EFB or a tablet touch) and a second program (server) hosted on a computer, the two computers communicating via a network (dedicated or Internet). According to this configuration, the client can receive the mission data, transmit it to the server, receive in response the optimized parameters and present them on a human-machine interface. The server can receive the mission data, perform one or more steps of the method according to the invention, and transmit to the client the results of the calculation.
    In an alternative embodiment, one or more process steps can be implemented within an FMS type computer (or in a FM function of a flight computer).
    More specifically, within the framework of an implementation within a Flight Management System (FMS), from the flight plan defined by the pilot (eg a list of waypoints called "waypoints" ), a so-called lateral trajectory is calculated as a function of the geometry between the crossing points (commonly called LEG) and / or the altitude and speed conditions (which are used for the calculation of the turning radius). On this lateral trajectory, the FMS optimizes a vertical trajectory (in altitude and speed), passing through possible constraints of altitude, speed, time. All information entered or calculated by the FMS is grouped on display screens (MFD pages, NTD and PFD visualizations, HUD or other). The invention can in particular be carried out by the TRAJPRED part.
    权利要求:
    Claims (14)
    [1" id="c-fr-0001]
    claims
    A method for optimizing the trajectory of an aircraft, comprising the steps of: - receiving a non-optimized initial trajectory according to a published flight procedure; determining one or more reference criteria CiRef from said non-optimized initial trajectory; said criteria CiRef being determined for the take-off and / or climb portion of said initial non-optimized trajectory; determining one or more initial K'j constraints from the initial non-optimized trajectory; determining a criterion Ci according to an analytical function of said criteria CiRef; and, by iteration cycle, - determining an optimized trajectory; determining intermediate K'j constraints from said optimized trajectory; to minimize said criterion Ci determined under the initial constraints K'j and the intermediate constraints K'j; - determine q takeoff parameters Pi.
    [2" id="c-fr-0002]
    2. Method according to claim 1, wherein the integer q of parameters Pi is iteratively incremented by one unit from the value 1.
    [3" id="c-fr-0003]
    3. Method according to the preceding claim, said incremental iteration being interrupted at the request of the pilot.
    [4" id="c-fr-0004]
    4. Method according to claim 1, the criterion Ci being an analytic function of criteria CiRef.
    [5" id="c-fr-0005]
    5. Method according to claim 1, said at least criterion Ci being a weighted linear combination of criteria CiRef.
    [6" id="c-fr-0006]
    6. Method according to claim 1, a criterion Ci being a criterion selected from the criteria comprising the fuel consumption, the acoustic noise level measured substantially at ground level, the acoustic noise level measured substantially at ground level, the quantitative and / or qualitative emission of one or more chemical compounds, the level of wear of the engine.
    [7" id="c-fr-0007]
    7. The method according to claim 1, a criterion Ci being associated with a combination of at least two criteria selected from the criteria comprising the fuel consumption, the acoustic noise level measured substantially at ground level, the quantitative emission and or qualitative of one or more chemical compounds, the level of wear of the engine.
    [8" id="c-fr-0008]
    8. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, the step of minimizing the criterion Ci comprising a gradient descent.
    [9" id="c-fr-0009]
    The method of any of the preceding claims, further comprising a step of determining an optimal number of parameters Pi.
    [10" id="c-fr-0010]
    10. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, a parameter Pi being selected from the parameters comprising one or more characteristic altitude of the trajectory profile, one or more characteristic speeds of the trajectory profile, one or more characteristic engine control parameters. of the trajectory profile.
    [11" id="c-fr-0011]
    The method of claim 1, further comprising a step of communicating said determined parameters Pi.
    [12" id="c-fr-0012]
    A computer program product, said computer program comprising code instructions for performing the steps of the method of any one of claims 1 to 11, when said program is run on a computer.
    [13" id="c-fr-0013]
    13. System comprising means for implementing the steps of the method according to any one of the preceding claims.
    [14" id="c-fr-0014]
    14. System according to claim 13, comprising non-avionics EFB electronic flight bag type means.
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    法律状态:
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    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    FR1501864A|FR3040801B1|2015-09-09|2015-09-09|OPTIMIZING THE TRACK OF AN AIRCRAFT|FR1501864A| FR3040801B1|2015-09-09|2015-09-09|OPTIMIZING THE TRACK OF AN AIRCRAFT|
    PCT/EP2016/070980| WO2017042166A1|2015-09-09|2016-09-06|Optimising the trajectory of an aircraft|
    US15/753,537| US20180239364A1|2015-09-09|2016-09-06|Optimizing the trajectory of an aircraft|
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